Joseph Howard Cooper, Quinnipiac University School of Law A Presentation of “the Quart System” For first-year students, I do a bit with juice cartons to illustrate levels of courts by equating liquid volume with judicial weight: for a state system, half-pint containers are small claims and traffic courts; pint containers are trial courts; quart containers represent appellate courts; and half-gallon containers represent the state’s highest appellate court. for the federal system, the smallest containers represent bankruptcy courts…; medium containers represent U. S. District Courts; larger containers stand for U. S. Circuit Courts of Appeal; several of these form an en banc panel; and a set of the largest containers represents the U.S. Supreme Court. I employ another set of juice cartons to suggest how rules of law should be compared, distinguished, organized, and presented. Cartons of orange juice and grapefruit juice --- regardless of brand --- are classified by content: with fresh squeezed being distinguished from “not from concentrate” which is distinguished from “concentrate” “pulp” and “country style” and “grower’s style” set off from “no pulp” offerings; “added calcium” set off from those offerings without ac.